谈到微服务,大家都想到契约测试,到底什么是契约测试呢,为什么要使用契约测试呢,关于这样的文章很多,本文将结合Spring Boot让你了解微服务契约测试。
首先我们来看一下微服务,微服务是一种分布式结构,对于一种服务一方为服务的提供者,另一方为服务的消费者。我们用一个虚拟的阿里产品体系做个对比,比如登录这个接口,对于许多电商模块(我们称为服务)要使用,比如:天猫、淘宝、飞猪、盒马。这些登录接口可以由用户服务中台来提供,大家使用统一的登录接口,防止重复开发。
在没有契约测试之前,当用户接口没有提供天猫、淘宝、飞猪、盒马登录使用用户服务中台提供的Stub,用户服务中台提供的Stub由用户服务中台开发团队来维护,当用户服务中台开发完毕,天猫、淘宝、飞猪、盒马登录才使用真正的登录模块。由此可以看到每一个服务提供者模块在开发自身的业务模块之前,还要维护服务Stub模块,这样大大增加了开发成本。
有了契约测试,只要服务提供者提供契约文件及基于契约文件自动产生的stub模块给服务消费者,服务消费者利用契约文件也产生同样的Stub模块,在服务提供者没有开发可用的真正的程序之前,利用Stub模块进行调试。以上是契约测试的一个优点,把维护stub模块变为了维护契约文件,这样大大地节约开发成本;另外还可以发现接口变动问题。
这是最初服务生产者提供的接口body接口
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{
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"年龄":"37"
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"性别":"男"
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"姓名":"王睿"
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}
服务消费者A提供的接口是
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{
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"年龄":"37"
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"性别":"男"
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}
没有“姓名”,这个是允许的。
服务消费者B提供的接口是
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{
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"年龄":"37"
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"性别":"男"
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"姓名":"王睿"
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}
这个与提供者完全一致,当然是允许的。
服务消费者C提供的接口是
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{
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"性别":"男"
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"姓名":"王睿"
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}
没有“年龄”,这个是允许的。
某一天,服务消费者C由于业务要求,需要把姓名中的姓与名拆成两部分,修改了body格式
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{
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"性别":"男"
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"姓":"王"
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"名":"睿"
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}
并提给服务生产者这个接口需求变更,生产者接受了这个请求,将契约文件改为
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{
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"性别":"男"
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"姓":"王"
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"名":"睿"
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}
当这个契约文件分发给各个服务消费者,由于服务消费者A提供的接口是
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{
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"年龄":"37"
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"性别":"男"
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}
由于没有“姓名”变更不受影响,而服务消费者B提供的接口是
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{
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“年龄”:"37"
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“性别”:"男"
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“姓名”:"王睿"
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}
姓名没有拆分,所以测试失败,告知大家,线下协商策略,决定 “姓名”是否修改。
在这里知道相关的服务消费者只有3个,而在实际的产品中服务多达成百上千个,有的是服务生产者。有的是服务消费者,大部分既是服务生产者又是服务消费者。当某一个接口发生变化,不运行契约测试不知道哪些模块会受到变动的影响,另外最后决定接口是否修改,也是根据fail接口的数量及fail接口的优先等级来决定的。
下面我们用一个具体的Spring Boot的案例来进行介绍,在这个案例中,流程是这样的。
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服务生产者开发契约文件程序,自动形成契约文件。
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将形成的契约文件打包上传到GitHub中。
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服务消费者开发之前从GitHub中下载本地契约文件到本地目录下。
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运行测试文件,验证测试是否满足现在的契约文件。
在这里我使用Spring Boot+cucumber+契约测试文章中的案例
服务生产者Spring Boot pom.xml文件如下:
<?xml version="1.0"encoding="UTF-8"?><projectxmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0https://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd"><modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion><parent><groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId><artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId><version>3.2.3</version><relativePath/><!-- lookup parent from repository --></parent><groupId>com.example</groupId><artifactId>ATMService</artifactId><version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version><name>ATMService</name><description>Demo project for Spring Boot</description><properties><java.version>11</java.version><cucumber.version>6.8.1</cucumber.version><spring-cloud.version>4.1.0</spring-cloud.version><spring-cloud.version>2023.0.0</spring-cloud.version><project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding><snippetsDirectory>${project.build.directory}/generated-snippets</snippetsDirectory></properties><dependencies><dependency><groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId><artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId></dependency><dependency><groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId><artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId><scope>test</scope></dependency><dependency><groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId><artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-contract-stub-runner</artifactId><scope>test</scope></dependency><dependency><groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId><artifactId>spring-cloud-contract-wiremock</artifactId><scope>test</scope></dependency><dependency><groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId><artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-contract-verifier</artifactId><scope>test</scope></dependency><dependency><groupId>org.junit.vintage</groupId><artifactId>junit-vintage-engine</artifactId><scope>test</scope></dependency><dependency><groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId><artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId><scope>test</scope></dependency><dependency><groupId>org.springframework.restdocs</groupId><artifactId>spring-restdocs-mockmvc</artifactId></dependency><dependency><groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId><artifactId>spring-cloud-dependencies</artifactId><version>${spring-cloud.version}</version><type>pom</type></dependency><dependency><groupId>io.cucumber</groupId><artifactId>cucumber-java</artifactId><version>${cucumber.version}</version><scope>test</scope></dependency><dependency><groupId>io.cucumber</groupId><artifactId>cucumber-spring</artifactId><version>${cucumber.version}</version><scope>test</scope></dependency><dependency><groupId>io.cucumber</groupId><artifactId>cucumber-junit-platform-engine</artifactId><version>${cucumber.version}</version><scope>test</scope></dependency></dependencies><dependencyManagement><dependencies><dependency><groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId><artifactId>spring-cloud-dependencies</artifactId><version>${spring-cloud.version}</version><type>pom</type><scope>import</scope></dependency></dependencies></dependencyManagement><build><plugins><plugin><groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId><artifactId>spring-cloud-contract-maven-plugin</artifactId><version>4.1.0</version><extensions>true</extensions><configuration><testFramework>JUNIT5</testFramework></configuration></plugin><plugin><groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId><artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId></plugin></plugins></build></project>
在test下建立StubsGenerator.java
package com.example.ATMService;import static org.springframework.restdocs.mockmvc.MockMvcRestDocumentation.document;import static org.springframework.test.web.servlet.result.MockMvcResultMatchers.status;import org.springframework.cloud.contract.wiremock.restdocs.SpringCloudContractRestDocs;import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;import org.springframework.boot.test.autoconfigure.restdocs.AutoConfigureRestDocs;import org.springframework.boot.test.autoconfigure.web.servlet.AutoConfigureMockMvc;import org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTest;import org.springframework.test.web.servlet.MockMvc;import org.springframework.test.web.servlet.request.MockMvcRequestBuilders;import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;@AutoConfigureRestDocs(outputDir = "target/stubs/META-INF/com.example")@AutoConfigureMockMvc@SpringBootTestpublic class StubsGenerator {@Autowiredprivate MockMvc mockMvc;@Autowiredprivate MockMvc mockMvc;@Testpublic void verify_pin_ok()throws Exception {mockMvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.get("/verify_pin/1111222233?pin=123456").contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON).accept(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON)).andExpect(status().isOk()).andDo(document("verify_pin",SpringCloudContractRestDocs.dslContract()));}@Testpublic void verify_pin_fail()throws Exception {mockMvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.get("/verify_pin/1111222233?pin=654321").contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON).accept(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON)).andExpect(status().isOk()).andDo(document("verify_pin_fail",SpringCloudContractRestDocs.dslContract()));}}
程序将模拟一个HTTP请求,并且建立契约文件
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@AutoConfigureRestDocs(outputDir = "target/stubs/META-INF/com.example")//定义契约文件位置
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当/verify_pin/1111222233?pin=123456为Get请求时.andExpect(status().isOk()) //返回状态码为200;返回内容在Controller程序中定义。
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.andDo(document("verify_pin",SpringCloudContractRestDocs.dslContract()));//建立名为verify_pin的契约文件
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当/verify_pin/1111222233?pin=654321为Get请求时
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.andExpect(status().isOk()) //返回状态码为200;返回内容在Controller程序中定义。
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.andDo(document("verify_pin_fail",SpringCloudContractRestDocs.dslContract()));//建立名为verify_pin_fail的契约文件
接下来我们看一下main中建立的pageController.java。
package com.example.ATMService.Controller;import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;@RestControllerpublic class pageController {@GetMapping("/verify_pin/1111222233")public String list(String pin){String list = "";if (!pin.equals("123456")){list = list + "{\"result\":\"Your PlN is apnalnd\"}";}else {list = list + "{\"result\":\"OK\"}";}return list;}}
@GetMapping("/verify_pin/1111222233")获得路径为"/verify_pin/1111222233"
当参数pin!="123456",返回body体为"{\"result\":\"Your PlN is apnalnd\"}"
否则返回body体为"{\"result\":\"OK\"}"。
用JUnit运行StubsGenerator.java,测试通过
在@AutoConfigureRestDocs(outputDir = "target/stubs/META-INF/com.example")生成契约文件(如果pageController存在错误,系统将产生不了契约文件)。
verify_pin_fail.groovy与verify_pin.groovy是产生的契约文件。
import org.springframework.cloud.contract.spec.ContractContract.make {request {method 'GET'urlPath('/verify_pin/1111222233') {queryParameters {parameter('''pin''', '''123456''')}}headers {header('''Accept''', '''application/json''')header('''Content-Type''', '''application/json;charset=UTF-8''')}}response {status 200body('''{"result":"OK"}''')headers {header('''Content-Type''', '''application/json''')}}}
verify_pin_fail.groovy
import org.springframework.cloud.contract.spec.ContractContract.make {request {method 'GET'urlPath('/verify_pin/1111222233') {queryParameters {parameter('''pin''', '''654321''')}}headers {header('''Accept''', '''application/json''')header('''Content-Type''', '''application/json;charset=UTF-8''')}}response {status 200body('''{"result":"Your PlN is apnalnd"}''')headers {header('''Content-Type''', '''application/json''')}}}
verify_pin.json与verify_pin_fail.json是verify_pin_fail.groovy与verify_pin.groovy目标文件,也是真正起作用的文件。
verify_pin.json
{"id" : "a8c7b023-e2dc-4105-956c-f6b46e65d447","request" : {"urlPath" : "/verify_pin/1111222233","method" : "GET","headers" : {"Content-Type" : {"equalTo" : "application/json;charset=UTF-8"},"Accept" : {"equalTo" : "application/json"}},"queryParameters" : {"pin" : {"equalTo" : "123456"}}},"response" : {"status" : 200,"body" : "{\"result\":\"OK\"}","headers" : {"Content-Type" : "application/json"}},"uuid" : "a8c7b023-e2dc-4105-956c-f6b46e65d447"}
verify_pin_fail.json
{"id" : "ccf996bb-0388-4a3b-83d7-d2891a303c80","request" : {"urlPath" : "/verify_pin/1111222233","method" : "GET","headers" : {"Content-Type" : {"equalTo" : "application/json;charset=UTF-8"},"Accept" : {"equalTo" : "application/json"}},"queryParameters" : {"pin" : {"equalTo" : "654321"}}},"response" : {"status" : 200,"body" : "{\"result\":\"Your PlN is apnalnd\"}","headers" : {"Content-Type" : "application/json"}},"uuid" : "ccf996bb-0388-4a3b-83d7-d2891a303c80"}
将产生的verify_pin_fail.groovy与verify_pin.groovy契约文件(注意:不是verify_pin_fail.json与verify_pin.json)拷贝到src/test/resources/contracts下,运行mvn spring-cloud-contract:convert&&mvn spring-cloud-contract:run命令,当出现:
Host: []Content-Length: [538]Content-Type: [text/plain; charset=UTF-8]Connection: [keep-alive]User-Agent: [Apache-HttpClient/5.1.3 (Java/17.0.10)]{"id" : "16d3118b-27c6-48fb-b020-83dfd89ef7db","request" : {"urlPath" : "/verify_pin/1111222233","method" : "GET","queryParameters" : {"pin" : {"equalTo" : "654321"}}},"response" : {"status" : 200,"body" : "{\"result\":\"Your PlN is apnalnd\"}","headers" : {"Content-Type" : "application/json;charset=UTF-8"},"transformers" : [ "response-template", "spring-cloud-contract" ]},"uuid" : "16d3118b-27c6-48fb-b020-83dfd89ef7db"}[INFO] Started stub server for project [C:\Code\MyJava\javawork\card\target\stubs:+:stubs] on port 8080 with [2] mappings[INFO] All stubs are now running RunningStubs [namesAndPorts={C:\Code\MyJava\javawork\card\target\stubs:+:stubs=8080}][INFO] Press ENTER to continue...
在浏览器中输入:http://127.0.0.1:8080/verify_pin/1111222233?pin=123456
输入:http://127.0.0.1:8080/verify_pin/1111222233?pin=654321
接下来将契约文件上传到GitHub中( 由于我没有GitHub Server,所以没有实现)。
第一次服务消费者从GitHub下载契约文件到本地,在target/generated-test-sources/contracts/org/springframework/cloud/contract/verifier/tests自动形成ContractVerifierTest.java文件。
package org.springframework.cloud.contract.verifier.tests;import com.jayway.jsonpath.DocumentContext;import com.jayway.jsonpath.JsonPath;import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;import org.junit.jupiter.api.extension.ExtendWith;import io.restassured.module.mockmvc.specification.MockMvcRequestSpecification;import io.restassured.response.ResponseOptions;import static org.springframework.cloud.contract.verifier.assertion.SpringCloudContractAssertions.assertThat;import static org.springframework.cloud.contract.verifier.util.ContractVerifierUtil.*;import static com.toomuchcoding.jsonassert.JsonAssertion.assertThatJson;import static io.restassured.module.mockmvc.RestAssuredMockMvc.*;@SuppressWarnings("rawtypes")public class ContractVerifierTest {@Testpublic void validate_verify_pin() throws Exception {// given:MockMvcRequestSpecification request = given();// when:ResponseOptions response = given().spec(request).queryParam("pin","123456").get("/verify_pin/1111222233");// then:assertThat(response.statusCode()).isEqualTo(200);assertThat(response.header("Content-Type")).isEqualTo("application/json;charset=UTF-8");// and:DocumentContext parsedJson = JsonPath.parse(response.getBody().asString());assertThatJson(parsedJson).field("['result']").isEqualTo("OK");}@Testpublic void validate_verify_pin_fail() throws Exception {// given:MockMvcRequestSpecification request = given();// when:ResponseOptions response = given().spec(request).queryParam("pin","654321").get("/verify_pin/1111222233");// then:assertThat(response.statusCode()).isEqualTo(200);assertThat(response.header("Content-Type")).isEqualTo("application/json;charset=UTF-8");// and:DocumentContext parsedJson = JsonPath.parse(response.getBody().asString());assertThatJson(parsedJson).field("['result']").isEqualTo("Your PlN is apnalnd");}}
启动本地服务,编写然后运行测试文件CardApplicationTests.java
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions;import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;import org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTest;import org.springframework.web.client.RestTemplate;@SpringBootTestclass CardApplicationTests {private RestTemplate restTemplate = new RestTemplate();@Testvoid pass() throws Exception{String result = restTemplate.getForObject("http://localhost:8080/verify_pin/1111222233?pin=123456", String.class);Assertions.assertEquals(result, "{\"result\":\"OK\"}");}@Testvoid fail() throws Exception{String result = restTemplate.getForObject("http://localhost:8080/verify_pin/1111222233?pin=654321", String.class);Assertions.assertEquals(result,"{\"result\":\"Your PlN is apnalnd\"}");}}
保证测试通过
以后每次运行CardApplicationTests.java之前,都从GitHub上下载契约文件,启动本地服务。如果测试fail,说明接口发生了变化,通过团队线下解决。
最后感谢每一个认真阅读我文章的人,礼尚往来总是要有的,虽然不是什么很值钱的东西,如果你用得到的话可以直接拿走:【文末自行领取】
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