运行系统：macOS Sonoma 14.6.1
Python编译器：PyCharm 2024.1.4 (Community Edition)
Python版本：3.12

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51-60：函数	61-70：类	71-80：编程范式及设计模式

81-90：Python编码规范	91-100：Python自带常用模块-1

101-105：Python自带模块-2	106-110：Python自带模块-3

111-115：Python常用第三方包-频繁使用	116-120：Python常用第三方包-深度学习

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131-135：Python常用第三方包-拓展工具1	136-140：Python常用第三方包-拓展工具2

Python项目实战
141-145

P146–Boid模型用于模拟鸟群行为

技术栈：pygame(版本2.6.0)+Boid模型

import pygame
import random# 屏幕设置
WIDTH, HEIGHT = 800, 600
BACKGROUND_COLOR = (255, 192, 203)  # 粉色背景# 矩形类，用于范围查询
class Rectangle:def __init__(self, x, y, w, h):self.x = xself.y = yself.w = wself.h = hdef contains(self, position):return (self.x <= position.x < self.x + self.w andself.y <= position.y < self.y + self.h)def intersects(self, other):return not (other.x + other.w < self.x orother.x > self.x + self.w orother.y + other.h < self.y orother.y > self.y + self.h)# Boid 类
class Boid:def __init__(self, x, y):self.position = pygame.Vector2(x, y)self.velocity = pygame.Vector2(random.uniform(-1, 1), random.uniform(-1, 1))self.velocity.scale_to_length(random.uniform(2, 4))  # 随机速度def update(self, boids):alignment = self.align(boids) cohesion = self.cohere(boids) separation = self.separate(boids)self.velocity += alignment + cohesion + separationself.velocity = self.velocity.normalize() * 4  # 限制速度self.position += self.velocityself.wrap_around()def align(self, boids):perception_radius = 50steering = pygame.Vector2(0, 0)total = 0for other in boids:if other != self and self.position.distance_to(other.position) < perception_radius:steering += other.velocitytotal += 1if total > 0:steering /= totalsteering = steering.normalize() * 4steering -= self.velocityreturn steeringreturn pygame.Vector2(0, 0)def cohere(self, boids):perception_radius = 100steering = pygame.Vector2(0, 0)total = 0for other in boids:if other != self and self.position.distance_to(other.position) < perception_radius:steering += other.positiontotal += 1if total > 0:steering /= totalsteering -= self.positionsteering = steering.normalize() * 4steering -= self.velocityreturn steeringreturn pygame.Vector2(0, 0)def separate(self, boids):perception_radius =