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0 背景

在分析模型性能时需要精确地统计出模型的推理时间，但仅仅通过在模型推理前后打时间戳然后相减得到的时间其实是Host侧向Device侧下发指令的时间。如下图所示，Host侧下发指令与Device侧计算实际上是异步进行的。

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1 精确统计方法

比较常用的精确统计方法有两种，一种是手动调用同步函数等待Device侧计算完成。另一种是通过Event方法在Device侧记录时间戳。

下面示例代码中分别给出了直接在模型推理前后打时间戳相减，使用同步函数以及Event方法统计模型推理时间（每种方法都重复50次，忽略前5次推理，取后45次的平均值）。

import timeimport torch
import torch.nn as nnclass CustomModel(nn.Module):def __init__(self):super().__init__()self.part0 = nn.Sequential(nn.Conv2d(in_channels=3, out_channels=512, kernel_size=3, stride=2, padding=1),nn.GELU(),nn.Conv2d(in_channels=512, out_channels=1024, kernel_size=3, stride=2, padding=1),nn.GELU())self.part1 = nn.Sequential(nn.AdaptiveAvgPool2d(output_size=(1, 1)),nn.Flatten(),nn.Linear(in_features=1024, out_features=2048),nn.GELU(),nn.Linear(in_features=2048, out_features=512),nn.GELU(),nn.Linear(in_features=512, out_features=1))def forward(self, x):x = self.part0(x)x = self.part1(x)return xdef cal_time1(model, x):with torch.inference_mode():time_list = []for _ in range(50):ts = time.perf_counter()ret = model(x)td = time.perf_counter()time_list.append(td - ts)print(f"avg time: {sum(time_list[5:]) / len(time_list[5:]):.5f}")def cal_time2(model, x):device = x.devicewith torch.inference_mode():time_list = []for _ in range(50):torch.cuda.synchronize(device)ts = time.perf_counter()ret = model(x)torch.cuda.synchronize(device)td = time.perf_counter()time_list.append(td - ts)print(f"syn avg time: {sum(time_list[5:]) / len(time_list[5:]):.5f}")def cal_time3(model, x):with torch.inference_mode():start_event = torch.cuda.Event(enable_timing=True)end_event = torch.cuda.Event(enable_timing=True)time_list = []for _ in range(50):start_event.record()ret = model(x)end_event.record()end_event.synchronize()time_list.append(start_event.elapsed_time(end_event) / 1000)print(f"event avg time: {sum(time_list[5:]) / len(time_list[5:]):.5f}")def main():device = torch.device("cuda:0")model = CustomModel().eval().to(device)x = torch.randn(size=(32, 3, 224, 224), device=device)cal_time1(model, x)cal_time2(model, x)cal_time3(model, x)if __name__ == '__main__':main()

终端输出：

avg time: 0.00023
syn avg time: 0.04709
event avg time: 0.04710

通过终端输出可以看到，如果直接在模型推理前后打时间戳相减得到的时间非常短（因为并没有等待Device侧计算完成）。而使用同步函数或者Event方法统计的时间明显要长很多。

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2 手动synchronize和Event适用场景

通过上面的代码示例可以看到，通过同步函数统计的时间和Event方法统计的时间基本一致（差异1ms内）。那两者有什么区别呢？如果只是简单统计一个模型的推理时间确实看不出什么差异。但如果要统计一个完整AI应用通路（其中可能包含多个模型以及各种CPU计算）中不同模型的耗时，而又不想影响到整个通路的性能，那么建议使用Event方法。因为使用同步函数可能会让Host长期处于等待状态，等待过程中也无法干其他的事情，从而导致计算资源的浪费。可以看看下面这个示例，整个通路由Model1推理+一段纯CPU计算+Model2推理串行构成，假设想统计一下model1、model2推理分别用了多长时间：

import timeimport torch
import torch.nn as nn
import numpy as npclass CustomModel1(nn.Module):def __init__(self):super().__init__()self.part0 = nn.Sequential(nn.Conv2d(in_channels=3, out_channels=512, kernel_size=3, stride=2, padding=1),nn.GELU(),nn.Conv2d(in_channels=512, out_channels=1024, kernel_size=3, stride=2, padding=1),nn.GELU())def forward(self, x):x = self.part0(x)return xclass CustomModel2(nn.Module):def __init__(self):super().__init__()self.part1 = nn.Sequential(nn.AdaptiveAvgPool2d(output_size=(1, 1)),nn.Flatten(),nn.Linear(in_features=1024, out_features=2048),nn.GELU(),nn.Linear(in_features=2048, out_features=512),nn.GELU(),nn.Linear(in_features=512, out_features=1))def forward(self, x):x = self.part1(x)return xdef do_pure_cpu_task():x = np.random.randn(1, 3, 512, 512)x = x.astype(np.float32)x = x * 1024 ** 0.5def cal_time2(model1, model2, x):device = x.devicewith torch.inference_mode():time_total_list = []time_model1_list = []time_model2_list = []for _ in range(50):torch.cuda.synchronize(device)ts1 = time.perf_counter()ret = model1(x)torch.cuda.synchronize(device)td1 = time.perf_counter()do_pure_cpu_task()torch.cuda.synchronize(device)ts2 = time.perf_counter()ret = model2(ret)torch.cuda.synchronize(device)td2 = time.perf_counter()time_model1_list.append(td1 - ts1)time_model2_list.append(td2 - ts2)time_total_list.append(td2 - ts1)avg_model1 = sum(time_model1_list[5:]) / len(time_model1_list[5:])avg_model2 = sum(time_model2_list[5:]) / len(time_model2_list[5:])avg_total = sum(time_total_list[5:]) / len(time_total_list[5:])print(f"syn avg model1 time: {avg_model1:.5f}, model2 time: {avg_model2:.5f}, total time: {avg_total:.5f}")def cal_time3(model1, model2, x):with torch.inference_mode():model1_start_event = torch.cuda.Event(enable_timing=True)model1_end_event = torch.cuda.Event(enable_timing=True)model2_start_event = torch.cuda.Event(enable_timing=True)model2_end_event = torch.cuda.Event(enable_timing=True)time_total_list = []time_model1_list = []time_model2_list = []for _ in range(50):model1_start_event.record()ret = model1(x)model1_end_event.record()do_pure_cpu_task()model2_start_event.record()ret = model2(ret)model2_end_event.record()model2_end_event.synchronize()time_model1_list.append(model1_start_event.elapsed_time(model1_end_event) / 1000)time_model2_list.append(model2_start_event.elapsed_time(model2_end_event) / 1000)time_total_list.append(model1_start_event.elapsed_time(model2_end_event) / 1000)avg_model1 = sum(time_model1_list[5:]) / len(time_model1_list[5:])avg_model2 = sum(time_model2_list[5:]) / len(time_model2_list[5:])avg_total = sum(time_total_list[5:]) / len(time_total_list[5:])print(f"event avg model1 time: {avg_model1:.5f}, model2 time: {avg_model2:.5f}, total time: {avg_total:.5f}")def main():device = torch.device("cuda:0")model1 = CustomModel1().eval().to(device)model2 = CustomModel2().eval().to(device)x = torch.randn(size=(32, 3, 224, 224), device=device)cal_time2(model1, model2, x)cal_time3(model1, model2, x)if __name__ == '__main__':main()

终端输出：

syn avg model1 time: 0.04725, model2 time: 0.00125, total time: 0.05707
event avg model1 time: 0.04697, model2 time: 0.00099, total time: 0.04797

通过终端打印的结果可以看到无论是使用同步函数还是Event方法统计的model1、model2的推理时间基本是一致的。但对于整个通路而言使用同步函数时总时间明显变长了。下图大致解释了为什么使用同步函数时导致整个通路变长的原因，主要是在model1发送完指令后使用同步函数时会一直等待Device侧计算结束，期间啥也不能干。而使用Event方法时在model1发送完指令后不会阻塞Host，可以立马去进行后面的CPU计算任务。